International Textbook of Leprosy

Leprosy is a curable infectious disease. The causative agent, Mycobacterium leprae, has the unique capability to infect peripheral nerves, which may lead to varying degrees of neuropathy. In the most severe circumstances, this infection may result in an inability to feel pain in the hands or feet, a loss of digits, and blindness.

Paradoxically, as treatment has become more successful, many specialized centers have closed and few physicians have adequate knowledge about the disease. A strong stigma, based on fear, still contributes to prolonged suffering and delayed diagnosis. Today, the diagnosis and treatment of leprosy also is often impeded by a lack of knowledge and awareness in the healthcare community. This textbook attempts to address the deficiency.

The International Textbook of Leprosy is dedicated to the physicians and health workers caring for their first patient with leprosy, and to all of those in the research community who have encountered some of the fascinating scientific aspects of leprosy and wish to learn more.

— David M Scollard and Thomas P Gillis, Editors

Citation

Scollard, DM, & Gillis, TP, Eds. (2016) International Textbook of Leprosy. American Leprosy Missions, Greenville, SC. https://doi.org/10.1489/itl

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Clinical Sciences

1. Epidemiology
- 1.1 Epidemiology of Leprosy(
  Jan Hendrik RichardusJan Hendrik Richardus, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  j.richardus@erasmusmc.nl
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
  Department of Public Health
  Erasmus MC
  University Medical Center Rotterdam
  Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  ,
  Eliane IgnottiEliane Ignotti, PhD
  Author Email:
  eliane.ignotti@pq.cnpq.br
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Epidemiology
  Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso - UNEMAT
  Av São João S/N
  Cavalhada
  Cáceres, MT Brazil
  ,
  W Cairns S SmithW Cairns S Smith, MD, MPH, PhD
  Author Email:
  w.c.s.smith@abdn.ac.uk
  Affiliation:
  Emeritus Professor of Public Health
  University of Aberdeen
  Institute of Applied Health Sciences
  Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
  UK
  )
- 1.2 Leprosy Control(
  Jan Hendrik RichardusJan Hendrik Richardus, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  j.richardus@erasmusmc.nl
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Infectious Diseases and Public Health
  Department of Public Health
  Erasmus MC
  University Medical Center Rotterdam
  Rotterdam, The Netherlands
  ,
  David PahanDavid Pahan, MBBS, MDS
  Author Email:
  davidp@lepra.org.bd
  Affiliation:
  Lepra Bangladesh
  Apartment # A1, House # 80, Road # 7
  Block – H, Banani
  Dhaka – 1213
  Bangladesh
  ,
  Roch Christian JohnsonRoch Christian Johnson
  Affiliation:
  Medical Director
  Raoul Follereau Foundation
  Benin
  ,
  W Cairns S SmithW Cairns S Smith, MD, MPH, PhD
  Author Email:
  w.c.s.smith@abdn.ac.uk
  Affiliation:
  Emeritus Professor of Public Health
  University of Aberdeen
  Institute of Applied Health Sciences
  Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD
  UK
  )
2. Clinical Aspects
- 2.1 Clinical Diagnosis of Leprosy(
  David P KumarDavid P Kumar, MPT (Ortho), PG Dip (Podiatry), MA (Pub Adm), MA (Med Sociology)
  Author Email:
  kumarbhushan@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Head, Training Department
  Schieffelin Institute of Health Research & Leprosy Centre
  Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
  ___
  Principal, College of Health Sciences
  Schieffelin Institute of Health Research & Leprosy Centre
  Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
  ,
  Shraddha UpretyShraddha Uprety, MBBS, MD
  Author Email:
  maitreeye@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Lecturer
  Chitwan Medical College and Teaching Hospital (CMCTH)
  CMC Road, Bharatpur-10, Chitwan
  Nepal
  ,
  Sunil DograSunil Dogra, MD, DNB, FRCP (London)
  Author Email:
  sundogra@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Professor
  Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprology
  Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER)
  Sector 12
  Chandigarh, 160012
  India
  )
- 2.2 Leprosy Reactions(
  Stephen L WalkerStephen L Walker, PhD, MRCP (UK), DTM&H
  Affiliation:
  London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
  Keppel Street
  London
  United Kingdom
  ___
  Hospital for Tropical Diseases and Department of Dermatology
  University College London Hospitals
  NHS Foundation Trust
  London
  United Kingdom
  )
- 2.3 Differential Diagnosis of Leprosy(
  Samuel L MoschellaSamuel L Moschella, MD
  Author Email:
  Samuel_L_Moschella@Lahey.org
  Affiliation:
  Senior Consultant
  Lahey Clinic
  41 Mall Road
  Burlington, MA 01850 USA
  ___
  Clinical Professor, Emeritus
  Harvard Medical School
  ,
  Victoria Garcia-AlbeaVictoria Garcia-Albea, NP, MSN, BSN, PNP, DCNP
  Author Email:
  toribeebe@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Dermatology Certified Nurse Practitioner, Pediatric Nurse Practitioner
  Leprosy Clinic
  Lahey Clinic
  41 Mall Road
  Burlington, MA 01850 USA
  ___
  Mystic Valley Dermatology
  92 Montvale Avenue
  Suite 3000
  Stoneham, MA 02180 USA
  )
- 2.4 Pathogenesis and Pathology of Leprosy(
  David M ScollardDavid M Scollard, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  dscollard1@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Director (Retired)
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen’s Disease Programs
  1770 Physician Park Dr.
  Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA
  )
- 2.5 Neurological Manifestations of Leprosy(
  Joy VijayanJoy Vijayan, MRCP (UK), FAMS (Singapore)
  Author Email:
  drjoyvijayan@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Consultant in Neurology
  National University Hospital
  5 Lower Kent Ridge Road
  Singapore 119074
  ,
  Einar P Wilder-SmithEinar P Wilder-Smith, MD, DTM&H, FAMS, Habilitation
  Author Email:
  einar.wilder-smith@luks.ch
  Affiliation:
  Head of Outpatient Neurology
  Luzerner Kantonsspital
  Spitalstrasse
  6000 Luzern 16
  Switzerland
  )
- 2.6 Treatment of Leprosy(
  Diana NJ LockwoodDiana NJ Lockwood, BSc, MD, FRCP
  Author Email:
  diana.lockwood@lshtm.ac.uk
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Tropical Medicine
  London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine
  Keppel St
  London WC1E 7HT
  United Kingdom
  ___
  Consultant Leprologist
  Hospital for Tropical Diseases
  University College London Hospital
  London WC1E 6AU
  United Kingdom
  )
3. Special Clinical Circumstances
- 3.1 The Eye in Leprosy(
  Mary Esther John BairappagariMary Esther John Bairappagari, MBBS, MS, DO
  Affiliation:
  Specialist Ophthalmologist
  Schieffelin Institute of Health – Research and Leprosy Center (SIH-R & LC)
  Karigiri, Velour 632106
  Tamilnadu, India
  ,
  Kirsteen J ThompsonKirsteen J Thompson, MSc (Epidemiol), FRCSEd (Ophth)
  Affiliation:
  Consultant Ophthalmologist
  Inverclyde Royal Hospital
  Larkfield Road
  Greenock, UK
  ___
  Formerly:
  Ophthalmologist
  Purulia Leprosy Hospital
  West Bengal, India
  ,
  Ebenezer DanielEbenezer Daniel, MBBS, MS, DO, MPH, MAMS, PhD
  Affiliation:
  Assistant Professor of Ophthalmology
  Director of Ophthalmology Reading Center
  University of Pennsylvania
  3535 Market Street, Suite 700
  Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
  ___
  Formerly:
  Head of the Ophthalmology Department
  Margaret Brand Chair
  Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Center
  Karigiri, Vellore 632106
  Tamilnadu, India
  )
- 3.2 Mothers and Children with Leprosy(
  Cynthia Ruth ButlinCynthia Ruth Butlin, MA, MBBCh
  Author Email:
  drbutlin@yahoo.com
  Affiliation:
  Overseas staff of TLMI (retired)
  The Leprosy Mission International (TLMI)
  ,
  Steve WithingtonSteve Withington, MBChB (Otago), FRACP, FDRHMNZ, PGDipPUBH, MTh
  Author Email:
  withington.stephen@otago.ac.nz
  Affiliation:
  Senior Clinical Lecturer
  University of Otago
  Rural Health Academic Centre
  Ashburton Hospital
  15 Elizabeth Street
  Ashburton
  New Zealand 7700
  ___
  Rural Health Specialist and Consultant Physician
  Ashburton Hospital
  15 Elizabeth Street
  Ashburton
  New Zealand 7700
  )
- 3.3 Immunosuppression and Leprosy(
  Saba M LambertSaba M Lambert, MBChB, PhD
  Author Email:
  saba.lambert@lshtm.ac.uk
  Affiliation:
  Clinical Research Fellow
  London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
  Keppel Street
  London WC1E 7HT
  UK
  ___
  Leprosy Clinician
  ALERT Hospital
  Addis Ababa
  Ethiopia
  )
- 3.4 Co-morbidities in Patients with Hansen's Disease(
  Bradley J GardinerBradley J Gardiner, BAS, MBBS, FRACP, DTMH
  Author Email:
  bgardiner@tuftsmedicalcenter.org
  Affiliation:
  Infectious Diseases Fellow
  Division of Geographic Medicine & Infectious Diseases
  Tufts Medical Center & Tufts University School of Medicine
  800 Washington Street
  Boston, MA 02111 USA
  ,
  Paulo RL MachadoPaulo RL Machado, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  prlmachado@uol.com.br
  Affiliation:
  Chief, Immunology Service, HUPES
  Federal University of Bahia
  Rua João das Botas, s/n
  Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgar Santos
  Serviço de Imunologia, 5o andar
  Salvador / Bahia / 40.110-160
  Brazil
  ,
  Winnie W OoiWinnie W Ooi, MD, DMD, MPH
  Author Email:
  winnie.w.ooi@lahey.org
  Affiliation:
  Assistant Professor of Medicine
  Co-Director, Boston Hansen's Clinic
  Department of Infectious Diseases
  Tufts University School of Medicine
  Boston, MA USA
  ___
  Lahey Health
  41 Mall Road
  Burlington, MA USA
  )
4. Rehabilitation & Social Aspects
- 4.1 Rehabilitation & Social Aspects: Introductory Overview(
  Paul SaundersonPaul Saunderson, MB, BChir, MD, MRCP (UK)
  Author Email:
  psaunderson@leprosy.org
  Affiliation:
  American Leprosy Missions
  1 ALM Way
  Greenville, SC 29601 USA
  )
- 4.2 Surgical Aspects in Leprosy(
  Marcos VirmondMarcos Virmond, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  mvirmond@ilsl.br
  Affiliation:
  Adjunct Professor of Public Health
  University of Sacred Heart
  Rua Ir. Arminda 10-50
  Bauru-SP 17011-160, Brazil
  ___
  General Director
  Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima
  Rod. Cmt. Joao R Barros K, 226
  Bauru-SP 17034-971, Brazil
  ,
  Jerry JoshuaJerry Joshua, MS, MCh
  Author Email:
  jerryjoshua@yahoo.com
  Affiliation:
  Plastic Surgeon and Head, Health Programmes
  The Leprosy Mission Trust India
  CNI Bhavan 16
  Pandit Pant Marg
  New Delhi 110001, India
  ,
  Samuel SolomonSamuel Solomon, MBBS, D Orth, MS Orth, M Phil
  Author Email:
  samuel.karigiri@yahoo.com
  Affiliation:
  Orthopaedic and Leprosy Reconstructive Surgeon
  Consultant and Head (retired)
  Department of Surgery and Surgical Rehabilitation
  Schieffelin Leprosy Research and Training Centre
  SLRS post, Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632106 India
  ,
  Frank DuerksenFrank Duerksen, MD, FRCSC, FACS (former)
  Author Email:
  rduerkse@mymts.net
  Affiliation:
  Associate Professor of Surgery (retired)
  University of Manitoba
  260 Brodie Centre - 727 McDermot Avenue
  Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3P5, Canada
  ___
  Director of Orthopaedic Hand Surgery and Diabetic Foot Clinic
  Medical Director of Rehabilitation Engineering (retired)
  Health Sciences Centre
  820 Sherbrook St
  Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1R9, Canada
  )
- 4.3 Physical Rehabilitation in Leprosy(
  M Sathish K PaulM Sathish K Paul, BPT, PG Dip (Podiatry), M Tech (Bio Medical), PhD
  Author Email:
  physiotherapy@karigiri.org
  Affiliation:
  Scientist
  Schieffelin Institute of Health Research & Leprosy Centre
  Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632106, India
  ,
  David P KumarDavid P Kumar, MPT (Ortho), PG Dip (Podiatry), MA (Pub Adm), MA (Med Sociology)
  Author Email:
  kumarbhushan@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Head, Training Department
  Schieffelin Institute of Health Research & Leprosy Centre
  Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
  ___
  Principal, College of Health Sciences
  Schieffelin Institute of Health Research & Leprosy Centre
  Karigiri
  Vellore, Tamil Nadu 632006, India
  ,
  Karthikeyan GovindasamyKarthikeyan Govindasamy, BOT, MPH
  Author Email:
  karthikeyan.g@leprosymission.in
  Affiliation:
  Research Coordinator
  The Leprosy Mission Trust India
  CNI Bhawan, 16 Pandit Pant Marg
  New Delhi 110001, India
  )
- 4.4 The Potential of a New Understanding of Community Based Rehabilitation for the Field of Leprosy(
  Huib CornieljeHuib Cornielje, MSc, MPH
  Author Email:
  h.cornielje@enablement.nl
  Affiliation:
  Director, Enablement Ltd
  A van Leeuwenhoekweg 38 unit 16A
  Alphen aan den Rijn, 2408 AN
  The Netherlands
  )
- 4.5 Stigma Related to Leprosy – A Scientific View(
  Wim H van BrakelWim H van Brakel, MD, MSc, PhD
  Affiliation:
  Medical Director
  Netherlands Leprosy Relief
  Wibautstraat 1
  Amsterdam, 1097 DN
  Netherlands
  ,
  Ruth PetersRuth Peters, BSc, MSc, MA, PhD
  Author Email:
  r.m.h.peters@vu.nl
  Affiliation:
  Athena Institute
  Faculty of Science
  Vrije Universiteit
  Amsterdam
  Netherlands
  ___
  Department of Global Health & Social Medicine
  Harvard Medical School
  Boston, MA USA
  ,
  Zoica B da Silva PereiraZoica B da Silva Pereira, BA, MA, PhD
  Affiliation:
  Post-Graduate Fellow
  Federal University of Santa Maria
  Av. Roraima 1000
  Santa Maria - RS
  Brazil 97105-900
  )

Basic Sciences

5. Microbiology
- 5.1 The Physiology of Mycobacterium leprae(
  Patrick J BrennanPatrick J Brennan, MSc, PhD, DSc (Hon)
  Author Email:
  patrick.brennan@colostate.edu
  Affiliation:
  University Distinguished Professor Emeritus
  Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology
  Colorado State University
  Fort Collins, CO 80525
  USA
  ,
  John Stewart SpencerJohn Stewart Spencer, PhD
  Author Email:
  John.Spencer@colostate.edu
  Affiliation:
  Associate Professor
  Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology
  Colorado State University
  Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682 USA
  )
- 5.2 Anti-Leprosy Drugs: Modes of Action and Mechanisms of Resistance in Mycobacterium leprae(
  Emmanuelle CambauEmmanuelle Cambau, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  emmanuelle.cambau@aphp.fr
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Bacteriology
  School of Medicine
  University Paris Diderot
  Square Villemin, 75010 Paris, France
  ___
  Head of Microbiology Laboratory
  Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris Hopital Lariboisiere
  2 rue Ambroise Pare, 75010 Paris, France
  ,
  Diana L WilliamsDiana L Williams, BS, MS, PhD
  Author Email:
  dnarna21@aol.com
  Affiliation:
  Adjunct Associate Professor
  Pathobiological Sciences Department
  Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine
  Skip Bertman Drive
  Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
  )
- 5.3 Cultivation and Viability Determination of Mycobacterium leprae(
  Ramanuj LahiriRamanuj Lahiri, PhD
  Author Email:
  rlahiri@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
  ,
  Linda B AdamsLinda B Adams, PhD
  Author Email:
  ladams@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  Chief, Laboratory Research Branch
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
  )
6. Immunology
- 6.1 Innate Immunity(
  Milton Ozório MoraesMilton Ozório Moraes, PhD
  Author Email:
  milton.moraes@fiocruz.br
  Affiliation:
  Associate Public Health Researcher
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil 4365
  Rio de Janeiro RJ 21040-360 Brazil
  ___
  Associate Professor
  State University of Rio de Janeiro
  Avenida Professor Manuel de Abreu, 444
  Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-170 Brazil
  ,
  Leonardo Ribeiro Batista SilvaLeonardo Ribeiro Batista Silva, PhD
  Author Email:
  leoribio@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Postdoctoral Fellow
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro 21340-060 Brazil
  ,
  Roberta Olmo PinheiroRoberta Olmo Pinheiro, PhD
  Author Email:
  robertaolmo@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Public Health Researcher
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro 21340-060 Brazil
  )
- 6.2 Adaptive Immune Response in Leprosy(
  David I WeissDavid I Weiss, PhD
  Author Email:
  dweiss@mednet.ucla.edu
  Affiliation:
  MD | PhD Candidate
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ,
  Tran Hue DoTran Hue Do, PhD
  Author Email:
  thdo@mednet.ucla.edu
  Affiliation:
  Medical Student
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ,
  Bruno J de Andrade SilvaBruno J de Andrade Silva, DVM, PhD
  Affiliation:
  Postdoctoral Scholar
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ,
  Rosane M B TelesRosane M B Teles, PhD
  Author Email:
  rteles@mednet.ucla.edu
  Affiliation:
  Assistant Scientist
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ,
  Priscila R AndradePriscila R Andrade, PhD, MS, BS
  Author Email:
  PribeiroAndrade@mednet.ucla.edu
  Affiliation:
  Postdoctoral Fellow
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ,
  Maria T OchoaMaria T Ochoa, MD
  Author Email:
  maria.ochoa@med.usc.edu
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Dermatology
  Director TH Rea Hansen's Clinic
  University of Southern California
  1441 Eastlake Avenue
  Ezralow Tower, Suite 5301
  Los Angeles CA 90033-9174
  ,
  Robert L ModlinRobert L Modlin, MD
  Author Email:
  rmodlin@mednet.ucla.edu
  Affiliation:
  Professor and Chief of Dermatology
  Division of Dermatology
  Department of Medicine
  David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
  10833 Le Conte Ave CHS 52-121
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  ___
  Distinguished Professor
  Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics
  University of California, Los Angeles
  615 Charles E. Young South BSRB 210B
  Los Angeles CA 90095
  )
- 6.3 Vaccines for Prevention of Leprosy(
  Steven G ReedSteven G Reed, PhD
  Author Email:
  sreed@idri.org
  Affiliation:
  Chief Scientific Officer
  Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI)
  1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400
  Seattle, WA 98102 USA
  ,
  Malcolm S DuthieMalcolm S Duthie, PhD
  Author Email:
  mduthie@idri.org
  Affiliation:
  Senior Scientist
  Infectious Disease Research Institute (IDRI)
  1616 Eastlake Ave E, Suite 400
  Seattle, WA 98102 USA
  )
7. Diagnostics
- 7.1 Immunodiagnostics for Leprosy(
  Anouk van HooijAnouk van Hooij, MS
  Affiliation:
  Leiden University Medical Center
  ALBINUSDREEF 2
  Leiden, 2333 ZA
  The Netherlands
  ,
  Annemieke GelukAnnemieke Geluk, PhD
  Author Email:
  ageluk@lumc.nl
  Affiliation:
  Professor
  Leiden University Medical Center
  Albinusdreef 2
  2333 ZA Leiden
  The Netherlands
  )
- 7.2 Pathogen Detection(
  Amanda Nogueira Brum FontesAmanda Nogueira Brum Fontes, PhD
  Author Email:
  amandabrum@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Postdoctoral Fellow
  Laboratory of Molecular Biology Applied to Mycobacteria
  Oswaldo Cruz Institute
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil 21040-360
  ,
  Flavio Alves LaraFlavio Alves Lara, PhD
  Author Email:
  flavioalveslara2000@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Scientist
  Oswaldo Cruz Institute
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil 21040-360
  ,
  Adalberto Rezende SantosAdalberto Rezende Santos, PhD
  Author Email:
  adalbertorezende@yahoo.com.br
  Affiliation:
  Senior Scientist
  Oswaldo Cruz Institute
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil 21040-360
  ,
  Philip Noel SuffysPhilip Noel Suffys, PhD
  Author Email:
  psuffys@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Senior Scientist
  Oswaldo Cruz Institute
  Oswaldo Cruz Foundation
  Avenida Brasil, 4365 - Manguinhos
  Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brasil 21040-360
  )
8. Genomics
- 8.1 The Complexity of the Host Genetic Contribution to the Human Response to Mycobacterium leprae(
  Vinicius M FavaVinicius M Fava, PhD
  Author Email:
  vinicius.medeirosfava@mail.mcgill.ca
  Affiliation:
  Department of Medicine and Human Genetics
  McGill University
  1001 Boulevard Décarie
  Glen site, Block E, Room ES1.5561
  Montreal / Quebec / H4A 3J1
  Canada
  ,
  Erwin SchurrErwin Schurr, PhD
  Author Email:
  erwin.schurr@mcgill.ca
  Affiliation:
  Professor
  Department of Medicine and Human Genetics
  McGill University
  1001 Boulevard Décarie
  Glen site, Block E, Room EM3.3210
  Montreal / Quebec / H4A 3J1
  Canada
  )
- 8.2 Genomics Insights into the Biology and Evolution of Leprosy Bacilli(
  Pushpendra SinghPushpendra Singh, PhD
  Author Email:
  psJALMA@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Assistant Professor & Ramalingaswami Fellow
  The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda
  Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology Centre
  Faculty of Science
  Vadodara, Gujarat 380002
  India
  ___
  Assistant Professor
  Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies
  The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara
  Vadodara, Gujarat 390002
  India
  ,
  JoAnn M TufarielloJoAnn M Tufariello
  Author Email:
  jtufariello@gsu.edu
  Affiliation:
  Georgia State University
  Center for Microbial Pathogenesis
  Institute for Biomedical Sciences
  Atlanta, Georgia USA 30303
  ,
  Alice R WattamAlice R Wattam, PhD
  Author Email:
  rwattam@vt.edu
  Affiliation:
  Research Assistant Professor
  Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech
  1015 Life Science Circle
  Blacksburg, VA 24061
  ,
  Thomas P GillisThomas P Gillis, PhD
  Author Email:
  tom.gillis48@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Adjunct Professor
  Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology
  LSU School of Medicine
  New Orleans, LA USA
  ,
  William R Jacobs JrWilliam R Jacobs Jr, PhD
  Affiliation:
  Investigator
  Howard Hughes Medical Institute
  1301 Morris Park Avenue
  Bronx, NY USA 10461
  ___
  Professor of Microbiology & Immunology
  Albert Einstein College of Medicine
  1301 Morris Park Avenue
  Bronx, NY USA 10461
  )
9. Nerve Injury
- 9.1 Descriptive Pathology of Nerves in Leprosy(
  Vanaja P ShettyVanaja P Shetty
  ,
  Kinjal D RambhiaKinjal D Rambhia, MD, Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy, DNB, Fellowship in Diagnostic Dermatology
  Author Email:
  kinjal_rambhia@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Specialty Medical Officer
  Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital
  Parel, Mumbai-400 012, Maharashtra
  India
  ,
  Uday S KhopkarUday S Khopkar, MD, Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprosy, DNB, Fellowship in Dermatopathology
  Author Email:
  drkhopkar@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Professor and Head of Department
  Department of Dermatology
  Seth G.S. Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital
  Parel, Mumbai-400012, Maharashtra
  India
  )
- 9.2 Mechanisms of Nerve Injury in Leprosy(
  Gigi J EbenezerGigi J Ebenezer, MBBS, MD
  Author Email:
  gebenezer@jhmi.edu
  Affiliation:
  Assistant Professor of Neurology
  Johns Hopkins University
  School of Medicine
  Baltimore, MD USA
  ,
  Michael PolydefkisMichael Polydefkis, MD, MHS
  Author Email:
  mpolyde@jhmi.edu
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Neurology
  School of Medicine
  Johns Hopkins University
  855 North Wolfe Street
  Rangos 435
  Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
  ,
  David M ScollardDavid M Scollard, MD, PhD
  Author Email:
  dscollard1@hotmail.com
  Affiliation:
  Director (Retired)
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen’s Disease Programs
  1770 Physician Park Dr.
  Baton Rouge, LA 70816 USA
  )
10. Experimental Animal Models
- 10.1 Overview of Animal Models(
  Douglas S WalshDouglas S Walsh, MD, MS
  Author Email:
  dsw518@yahoo.com
  Affiliation:
  Chief, Dermatology Service
  Veterans Affairs Medical Center
  800 Irving Avenue
  Syracuse NY 13210
  USA
  ___
  Adjunct Professor of Medicine
  SUNY Upstate Medical University
  750 East Adams Street
  Syracuse NY 13210
  USA
  )
- 10.2 The Armadillo Model for Leprosy(
  Maria T PenaMaria T Pena, DVM, PhD
  Author Email:
  mpena@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  Scientist
  National Hansen's Disease Programs
  1909 Skip Bertman Dr
  Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
  ,
  Rahul SharmaRahul Sharma, PhD
  Author Email:
  rsharma1@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  Scientist
  National Hansen's Disease Programs
  1909 Skip Bertman Dr.
  Baton Rouge, LA 70803 USA
  ,
  Richard W TrumanRichard W Truman, PhD
  Author Email:
  rwtruman@gmail.com
  Affiliation:
  CAPT (Retired)
  US Public Health Service
  ___
  Chief (Retired)
  Laboratory Research Branch
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  LSU School of Veterinary Medicine
  Baton Rouge LA 70803
  USA
  )
- 10.3 Rodent Models in Leprosy Research(
  Shannon M LenzShannon M Lenz, PhD, MPH
  Author Email:
  slenz@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  IHRC, Inc
  Atlanta GA 30346 USA
  ,
  J Hunter CollinsJ Hunter Collins, PhD
  Author Email:
  jcollins@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
  ,
  Ramanuj LahiriRamanuj Lahiri, PhD
  Author Email:
  rlahiri@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
  ,
  Linda B AdamsLinda B Adams, PhD
  Author Email:
  ladams@hrsa.gov
  Affiliation:
  Chief, Laboratory Research Branch
  DHHS, HRSA, HSB
  National Hansen's Disease Program
  Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
  )
11. Archaeology
- 11.1 The Bioarchaeology of Leprosy: Learning from the Past(
  Charlotte RobertsCharlotte Roberts, BA, MA, PhD, SRN
  Author Email:
  c.a.roberts@durham.ac.uk
  Affiliation:
  Professor of Archaeology
  Durham University
  Department of Archaeology, South Road
  Durham DH1 3LE, UK
  )